pakistan-india history

Relations in the middle of India and Pakistan

 have been mind boggling because of various verifiable and political occasions. Relations between the two states have been characterized by the vicious allotment of British India in 1947, the Kashmir clash and the various military clashes battled between the two countries. Therefore, despite the fact that the two South Asian countries offer etymological, social, geographic, and monetary connections, their relationship has been tormented by threatening vibe and suspicion.

After the disintegration of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign countries were shaped—the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The ensuing parcel of the previous British India dislodged up to 12.5 million individuals, with evaluations of death toll differing from a few hundred thousand to 1 million.[1] India rose as a mainstream country with a Hindu lion's share populace and a substantial Muslim minority while Pakistan was set up as an Islamic republic with a staggering Muslim larger part population;[2][3] despite the fact that its constitution ensures opportunity of religion to individuals of all faiths.[4]

Not long after their autonomy, India and Pakistan set up strategic relations yet the vicious allotment and various regional cases would dominate their relationship. Since their freedom, the two nations have battled three noteworthy wars, one undeclared war and have been included in various furnished encounters and military standoffs. The Kashmir clash is the principle focus purpose of these contentions except for the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, which brought about the withdrawal of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

There have been various endeavors to enhance the relationship—strikingly, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the mid 1980s, relations between the two countries soured especially after the Siachen clash, the strengthening of Kashmir insurrection in 1989, Indian and Pakistani atomic tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain certainty building measures —, for example, the 2003 truce assention and the Delhi–Lahore Bus administration – were effective in deescalating pressures. On the other hand, these endeavors have been obstructed by intermittent terrorist assaults. The 2001 Indian Parliament assault very nearly conveyed the two countries to the edge of an atomic war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which executed 68 regular citizens (the majority of whom were Pakistani), was likewise a urgent point in relations. Moreover, the 2008 Mumbai assaults completed by Pakistani militants[5] brought about a serious hit to the progressing India-Pakistan peace talks.

As indicated by a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 17% of Indians perspective Pakistan's impact emphatically, with 49% communicating a negative perspective, while 21% of Pakistanis perspective India's impact decidedly, with 58% communicating a negative view.[6] Since the decision of new government in Pakistan in mid-2013, huge steps are being taken to enhance relations, specifically the accord on the understanding of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for one another, which will change trade.[7]

Substance

1 Seeds of contention amid autonomy

1.1 Junagadh issue

1.2 Kashmir clash

2 Wars, clashes and debate

2.1 War of 1965

2.2 Bangladesh Liberation War

2.3 Kargil War

2.4 Other regional cases

2.5 Water debate

2.6 Bengal exile emergency

2.7 Afghanistan

2.8 Insurgency in Kashmir

2.8.1 List of some radical assaults

2.9 Insurgent exercises somewhere else

2.9.1 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

2.9.2 2008 Mumbai assaults

3 Technology and training

4 Talks and other certainty building measures

5 Response to regular cataclysms

5.1 2001 Gujarat Earthquake in India

5.2 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan

6 Fugitives

7 Social relations

7.1 Cultural connections

7.2 Geographic connections

7.3 Linguistic ties

7.4 Matrimonial ties

7.5 Sporting ties

7.6 Transport joins

7.7 Diasporic relations

8 Characteristics of political energy

9 Economic relations

9.1 Trade joins

10 Re-assessment

11 Country examination

12 See moreover

12.1 Foreign Relations

12.2 History

12.3 Human Rights

12.4 Cultural issues

12.5 Terrorism and state question

12.6 Sports

13 References

14 External connections

Seeds of contention amid freedom

Jinnah and Gandhi occupied with a warmed discussion. A surely understood photo as of late ascribed to Kulwant Roy.

About a large portion of a million Muslims and Hindus were murdered in mutual mobs taking after the segment of British India. A great many Muslims living in India and Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan emigrated in a standout amongst the most enormous moves of populace in the current period. Both nations blamed one another for not giving sufficient security to the minorities emigrating through their domain. This served to build strains between the recently conceived nations.

As per the British arrangement for the segment of British India, all the 680 royal states were permitted to choose which of the two nations to join. Except for a couple of, a large portion of the Muslim-greater part august states consented to Pakistan while the vast majority of the Hindu-lion's share royal states joined India. In any case, the choices of a percentage of the regal states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship impressively in the years to come.

Junagadh issue

Junagadh is one of the present day locale of Saurastra, Gujarat

Junagadh was a state on the southwestern end of Gujarat, with the territories of Manavadar, Mangrol and Babriawad. It was not coterminous to Pakistan and different states physically isolated it from Pakistan. The state had a staggering Hindu populace which constituted more than 80% of its nationals, while its ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan, was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acquiesced to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. Pakistan affirmed the acknowledgment of the promotion on 15 September 1947.

India did not acknowledge the promotion as genuine. The Indian perspective was that Junagadh was not coterminous to Pakistan, that the Hindu larger part of Junagadh needed it to be a piece of India, and that the state was encompassed by Indian domain on three sides.

The Pakistani perspective was that since Junagadh had a ruler and overseeing body who decided to agree to Pakistan, it ought to be permitted to do as such. Additionally, on the grounds that Junagadh had a coastline, it could have kept up sea joins with Pakistan even as an enclave inside of India.

Neither of the states had the capacity resolve this issue genially and it just added fuel to an officially charged environment. Sardar Patel, India's Home Minister, felt that if Junagadh was allowed to go to Pakistan, it would make common turmoil crosswise over Gujarat. The administration of India gave Pakistan time to void the promotion and hold a plebiscite in Junagadh to pre-empt any roughness in Gujarat. Samaldas Gandhi shaped an administration estranged abroad, the Arzi Hukumat (in Urdu: Arzi: Transitional, Hukumat: Government) of the populace of Junagadh. Patel requested the addition of Junagadh's three realms.

India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, disjoined air and postal connections, sent troops to the boondocks, and involved the territories of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acquiesced to India.[8] On 26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan taking after goes against Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, confronting breakdown, welcomed the Government of India to assume control over the State's organization. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more well known Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, chose to welcome the Government of India to intercede and composed a letter to Mr. Buch, the Regional Commissioner of Saurashtra in the Government of India to this effect.[9] The Government of Pakistan challenged. The administration of India rejected the challenges of Pakistan and acknowledged the welcome of the Dewan to intervene.[10] Indian troops involved Junagadh on 9 November 1947. In February 1948, a plebiscate held collectively voted in favor of promotion to India.

Kashmir clash

Primary article: Kashmir clash

Kashmir was a Muslim-greater part regal state, ruled by a Hindu lord, Maharaja Hari Singh. At the season of the allotment of India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the leader of the state, liked to stay autonomous and would not have liked to join either the Union of India or the Dominion of Pakistan. He needed both India and Pakistan to perceive his royal state as a free nonpartisan country.[11]

In spite of the stop concurrence with Pakistan, group of Pakistani powers were dispatched into Kashmir. Supported by Pakistani paramilitary powers, Pashtun Mehsud tribals[12] attacked Kashmir in October 1947 under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. They came to and caught Baramulla on 25 October. Rather than proceeding onward to Srinagar only 50 km away and catching its undefended landing strip, they stayed there for a few days. Kashmir's security strengths ended up being excessively frail and not well prepared, making it impossible to battle against Pakistan. Expecting that this attack would achieve an increase to Pakistan, the Maharaja now swung to India and asked for India for troops to protect Kashmir. Indian Prime Minister Nehru was prepared to send the troops, however the acting Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, exhorted the Maharaja to acquiesce to India before India could send its troops. Consequently, considering the emanant circumstance he marked the instrument of promotion to the Union of India on 26 October 1947 (see the two-page record's photograph underneath).

Charles Chevenix Trench writes in his 'The Frontier Scouts' (1985):

In October 1947... tribal lashkars rushed in lorries - without a doubt with authority lo

history of pakistan geography

Geography of Pakistan

The geology of Pakistan (Urdu: جغرافیۂ پاکِستان‎) is a significant mix of scenes fluctuating from fields to betrays, woodlands, slopes, and levels extending from the beachfront regions of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of the Karakoram go in the north. Pakistan topographically covers both with the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates where its Sindh and Punjab territories lie on the north-western corner of the Indian plate while Balochistan and the greater part of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa exist in the Eurasian plate which chiefly includes the Iranian level, a few sections of the Middle East and Central Asia. The Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir lie essentially in Central Asia along the edge of the Indian plate and henceforth are inclined to brutal seismic tremors where the two tectonic plates impact. 

Pakistan is circumscribed by Afghanistan toward the north-west and Iran toward the west while the People's Republic of China outskirts the nation in the north and India toward the east. The country is geopolitically put inside the absolute most disputable local limits which impart debate and have numerous a-times raised military pressures between the countries, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western fringes incorporate the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as customary movement courses between Central Eurasia and South Asia. 

Worldwide boundaries[edit] 

Worldwide and common limits of Pakistan 

Worldwide limits of Pakistani landscape (non-expounded). 

Pakistan shares its outskirts with four neighboring nations – Afghanistan, China, India, and Iran – signifying around 6,975 km (4,334.1 mi) long (barring the waterfront zones). 

Pakistan certainly outskirts Afghanistan at the Durand Line, 2,250 km (1,398.1 mi), which runs from the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountains. Its proposition was drafted by and named after the previous secretary of British India Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. At the point when Pakistan got to be free in 1947 in any case, the authenticity of the division was addressed and debated by Afghans and the Pakhtun or Pashtun tribes. Afghanistan guaranteed the fringe was forced upon their feeble country by stronger impacts and favored the foundation of another separatist state to be called Pakhtunistan.[1] The Durand Line stayed debated until 1994 when it was at long last acknowledged. A tight segment of Afghan-possessed Gorno-Badakhshan region called the Wakhan Corridor reaches out in the middle of Pakistan and Tajikistan.[2] From the eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor begins the Sino-Pak outskirt between the People's Republic of China and Pakistan crossing around 510 km (316.9 mi). It carries on south-eastbound and finishes close to the Karakoram Pass. This line was dead set from 1961 to 1965 in a progression of assentions in the middle of China and Pakistan lastly on 03-03-1963 both the administrations, of Islamabad and Beijing, formally concurred. It is comprehended that if the disagreement about Kashmir is determined, the fringe would need to be examined again.[2] 

The limit with Iran, 912 km (566.7 mi), was initially delimited by a British commission around the same time as the Durand Line was divided, differentiating Iran from what was then British India's Baluchistan province.[2] Modern Iran has a territory named Sistan va Baluchistan that outskirts Pakistan and has Baluchis in an ethnic greater part. In 1957 Pakistan consented to a wilderness arrangement with Iran in Rawalpindi as indicated by which the outskirt was formally pronounced and the two nations haven't had this fringe as a subject of genuine question by any means. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen most astounding crests alongside most astounding scope of mountains the Karakoram and Himalayas. It likewise has such broad icy masses that it has once in a while been known as the "Third Pole". The global fringe has been a matter of urgent debate in the middle of Pakistan and India since the time that 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been a critical stadium for battling between the two sides subsequent to 1984, albeit much more fighters have passed on of introduction to the cool than from any encounters in the contention between their National Armies confronting one another. 

The Pakistan-India truce line runs from the Karakoram Pass west-southwest to a point around 130 kilometers upper east of Lahore. This line, around 770 kilometers in length, was masterminded with United Nations (UNO) support toward the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The truce line became effective on January 1, 1949, following eighteen months of battling between Indian strengths and Afridi tribals which Pakistan had sent to possess Kashmir and was last balanced and settled upon by the two nations as per the Simla Agreement of July 2, 1972 between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. From that point forward, it has been for the most part known as the Line of Control or the (LoC). 

The Pakistan-India limit proceeds unpredictably southward for around 1,280 kilometers, taking after the line of the 1947 Radcliffe Award, named for Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the leader of the British limit commission on the division of the Punjabs of Pakistan and in united Bengal of India into Pakistan's Eastern wing of Mashriqi-Pakistan on 13 August 1947. Despite the fact that this limit with India alluding just to present-day Pakistan and not went for once in the past East Pakistan outskirts aside from just each of the three administrations asserting the status of the locale of Firozpur and Pathankot in the middle of Pakistan and India. It stays another uncertain issue in spite of the fact that it is not formally questioned; interests still run high without a doubt on both sides of the global outskirt. Numerous had expected the first limit line to run more remote toward the west, along these lines ceding the Lahore locale to India, perhaps giving all of them of Gujranwala Division: Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, areas and Sheikhupura, Okara, Kasur regions of Lahore Division; and others had anticipated that the line would run much more remote east, conceivably allowing them control of Delhi, the royal capital of the Mughal Empire including an east Punjab state for Sikhs they could call their own to administer. 

The southern outskirts are far less quarrelsome than those in northern Pakistan (Kashmir). The Thar Desert in the territory of Sindh is divided in the south from the salt pads of the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) by a limit that was initially depicted in 1923-24. After autonomy and disintegration of Empire, Independent and free Pakistan challenged the southern limit of Sindh, and a progression of outskirt episodes came about. They were less unsafe and less broad, be that as it may, than the contention that ejected in Kashmir in the Indo-Pakistani War of August 1965 began with this definitive center of issues. These southern threats were finished by British intercession amid Harold Wilson's time, and both sides acknowledged the recompense of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal assigned by the UN secretary general himself. The tribunal made its recompense on February 19, 1968; delimiting a line of 403 kilometers that was later outlined by joint overview groups, Of its unique case of practically 9,100 square kilometers, Pakistan was granted just around 780 square kilometers. Past the western end of the tribunal's grant, the last extend of Pakistan's outskirt with India is around 80 kilometers in length, running east and southeast of Sindh to a delt

history pakistan Army

Pakistan Army/ History Of Pakistan Army Since 1947/ List Of Generls Of Pakistan Army,




I am writing the following lines to refute the biggest fallacy associated with Pakistan Army that it is actually a Punjab Army which takes care of the interests of the Punjab ang does not take care of the other federating units. It is outright false and worng to say such a thing because form the time of Pakistan independence 14 Generals have commanded Pakistan Army. Out of these 14 Generals 2 were British, 4 were Pakhtun, 1 was Hazara, 1 was Baloch, 1 was a Rajput, 3 were Mohajir and 2 were Punjab.

In 64 years after independence, Pakistan has been ruled by 4 Generals for 32 years. These Generals are General Ayub Khan (9 years), General Yahya Khan (3 years), General Zia Ul Haq (11 years) and General Pervaz Musharaf (9 years). Not a single one of these General was a Punjab. So much for the myth of Pakistan Dominated army.

Here is the list of all Generals who have lead the Pakistan Army:

1.General Sir Frank Walter Messervy was born 1n 1893 in Trinidad to British parents. He was commissioned in the Indian Army in 1913 and later joined 9 Hudson's Hores, India in 1914. When Pakistan achieved independence in 1947v, he enjoyed a singular honour to serve as a First Commanded in Chief of Pakistan Army form 15 August 1947 to 10 February 1948.

2. General sir Douglas David Gracy was British and was born on 3 Sept 1894. He was commissiond in British Army and served in both the First and Second World Wars. He is the second Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan, holding this office form 11 February 1948 to 16 January 1951.

3. General Muhammad Ayub Khan was an ethnic Pakhtun. He was born on 14 May 1907. He was selected for Royal Militay Academy Sand Hurst in 1922 and got commission on 2nd feb 1928. He joined the 1st Battalion of the 14 Punjab Regiment, later known as 5 Punjab Regiment. He was made Commander-in-Chife of Pakistan Army on January 17, 1951, succeeding General Sir Douglas Gracey, thus becoming the first native Pakistan Geeneral to hold this          prestigious position.

4. General Muhammad Musa was born on Nov 1908. He was born in a Hazare Shia Muslim family in Quetta, he was form the Sardar family of the Hazara tribe in  Balochistan, Pakistan. He got commission form Indian Military Academy in Dehradu on 1st Feb 1935. He was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion, the 13th Frontier Force Rifles ass a Platoon Commander in 1936. He servrd with distinction in the Pakistan Army and rose to the rank of the commander in shief of pakistan Armed Forces on 1st April 1959 and held the office till 17 Sept 1966.

5. General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan was born in Chakwal in 1917, to an ethnic Shia Muslim Qizilbash family os Pakistan descent who could trace their militry links to the time of Nader Shah. He was, however, culturally Pakistan. He got commission in british Army on 15 Jul 1939. He because Chief of Army Staff on 18 Sep 1966 and held this office till 20 Dec1971.

6. General Gul Hassan was born on 9 June 1921. He was a Sunni Pakhtun born in Quetta. He got Commission on 22nd Feburary 1942. He commanded 1 Armed Division and  remained CGS before he was appointed acting C-in-C on 20 December 1971. He was appointed C-in-C on 22 January 1972 till his retirement on 3rd March 1972.

7. General Tikka Khan was a Narma Rajput and was born on 7 Jul 1915.
He was a graduate of the India Military Acadomy at Dehradun, and was commissioned on 22 Dec 1940. General Tikka Khan was Pakistan's Chief of army Staff form 3rd March 1972 to 1st March 1976.

8. General Zia-ul-Haq was a Mohajir and was born in Jalandhar in India on 12 September 1924. He was Commissioned in the British Army on 12 May 1943. At Pakistan's independence, he joined the Pakistani Army ass a Major. He got trained in the United States 1962-1964 at the U.S Army Command and General Staff Collage Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. On 1 April 1976 he was appointed Chief of Army Staff.

9. General Mirza Aslam Beg was a Mohajir and was born in Azam Garh, British India on 2 August 1931 and got commission in Pakistan Army on 23 August 1952. He was made Chieff of Army on August 1988 and remained in the office till 1 August 1992.

10. General Asif Nawaz Janjua was a Rajupt and was born on 3 Junuary 1937. He was selected for Royal Military Academy on 31 March 1957. He was Made Chief of Army Staff form 1991 to 1993.

11. General Abdul Wahid Kakar was Pakistan of Balochistan province and was born on 20 March 1937 and got commission on 18 October 1959. General Wahid Kakar is remembered for starting the Shaheen Nuclear missile Project. He was made Chief of Army Staff on 12 Junuary 1993 and held the office till 12 Junuary 1996.

12. General Jehangir Karamat was a Punjabi who got commission on 14 October 1961. General Karamat is a graduate of the U.S Army Command and General Staff Colloge at Fort Leavenwort, U.S.A. He was made  Chief of the Army Staff on 12 january 1996 and held the office till 7 October 1998. 

13. General Pervez Musharraf is a Mohajir and was born on August 11, 1943 in Delhi, British India. He got Commission form 
PMA kakul on 19 Apirl 1964. In 1998 he was promoted to General and took over ass the Chief of Army Staff and he had been holding this office till November 2007.

14. General Ashfaq Pravez Kayani is a Punjabi who commissioned form Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul in Baloch Regiment in 1971. General Ashfak Pravez Kayani is graduate of Fort Benning (USA), Command and StaffCollage Fort 
Leavenworth (USA), Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, Hawaii (USA), and National Defence College Islamabad.

pakistan geography information

Pkistani Geography information

Today pakistan is still an unstable country with various political issues However it is considered a federal republic with the bicameral parliment consisting of the senate and the National Assembly.Pakistan also has an executive branch of government with chief of state field by the president and a head of government filled by the prime minister.Pakistan judicial branch is composed of the supreme court and the federal islamic or sharia court.Pakistan is divided into four provinces,one territory and one capital territory for local administration.
Economic and Land use in Pakistan.Pakistan is considered a developing nationand as such it has a highly underdeveloped economy.This is  largely because of its decades of political instablity and a lack of political foreign investment.Taxtiles are Pakistan's main export but it also has indutries that include food processing,pharmaceuticals,constraction materials,paper products,fertilizer and shrimp.
Agriculture in Pakistan include cotton,wheat,rice,sugarcane,fruits,vegetables,milk,beef,mutton.

geography of pakistan in urdu

Geography of pakistan,

In Pakistan Geography mountains and desert get the prime importance, as Pakistan is a land of mountains and deserts. Llocated at 23°37' North and 61°76' East,Pakistancovers an area of about 803,904 out of which the lan area is about 796,096 square   kilometers.

The neighboring coutries of Pakistan are India, Iran, Chain and Afghanistan. Facts about Pakistan state that Pakistan has four provinces, which are Sindh, Punjab, North West Fornier Province and Baluchistan.

Pakistan Land 

Pakistan Land comprises of desert in the southern part. Due to lack of rainfall  the temperature shoots up to 45°C or even more  during the summer.The topography of the region helps in keeping the  cilmat hot and dry. Through the land of pakistan flows river Indus and its tributaries Jhelum, Chenub and Ravi as well as the Beas and Sutlej.

Pakistan Mountains

Pakistan Mountains in the north Pakistan remain snow capped throughout the year. The important mountains in Pakistan,which rang between the height of 8000and 9000 meters are K2 Nanga Parbat,Gasherbrum I,Broad Peak and Geasherbrum II.

political geography of pakistan

in 1948 pakistan Ali jinah died and in 1951 its first priminister liaqt Ali Khan was assosonated.This set off a period of political instability in the country and in 1956 Pakistan's constitution was suspended.Thruohout the rest of the 1950s and into the 1960s Pakistan was run under a dictatorship and was engaged in war with India.
In the december 1970,Pakistan again held elections but they did not reduce instability whithin the country.instead they caused the polrization of Pakistan's eastren and western areas .As a result through out the 1970s,Pakistan was highly unstable and socially.
throuh out the rest of the 1970's and into the 1980s and 1990s.pakistan held a number of different political elections but most of its citizens were anti-government and the country was unstable. In 2000s Pakistan worked with the United State to find Taliban and other terrorist training camps along the country's borders at the event of September 11, 2001

History of quaid-e-Azam

Quaid-e-Azam

was born in karachi on 25ducmber 1876,
He was a founder of pakisten 
He is a grate leader
He always thaking for muslims